Papua New Guinea is located in Oceania, near Indonesia. The people live in traditional tribal and clan groups, speaking 850 different languages thus highly diverse cultures. The rural population accounts for 85% of the country's total population of about 11M people. Subsistence and semi-subsistence agriculture predominantly support rural livelihoods. People are dependent on their land, forest, and sea for food. 97% of the land mass is owned by the indigenous people and local communities through customary land tenure rights. Joseph Pumai and other rural development practitioners, found that poverty persistently existed and affected many rural people. Farmers needed to collectively organise and adapt better farming systems and organise sustainable production to enter value chain markets for formalised business profits. PAfRD founders developed three core development programmes: 1) Community Peoples Capacity Building for Good Governance, 2) Sustainable Community Land & Forest Use Management, and 3) Women's Micro- and Small Enterprises and Microfinance Program in 2007.